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January 31 周一到周日的典故天下文化最近翻譯了本有關英文歷史的書《英語簡史》,內容相當有趣。我們都知道英文屬於日耳曼語系,光從語系的名字推敲,多少可猜測英文跟德文同源。英文之所以成為現今主宰力最強,使用範圍最廣的語言,當然有其歷史背景。多數歸納於工業革命後英國國力強盛,以及一次戰後,在新大陸的強權,依舊是個英語系國家。
不過先撇開英文廣為流傳,是否真的容易學習的爭論,我們先來看些英文的歷史。書中有段文章是這樣的:
吉魯認為有趣的來了。
January 29 Fallacy在六年級生中,只要在台大混過的,大多不會不知道眾多選修課中,有幾個非常「補」的課程。其中最有名的,大概就屬劉教授的「基本邏輯」了。俺依稀記得,這門課只要繳個一千多塊的書本費,買了兩本教授自己寫的教科書,期末把考古題拿來看看,沒有九十九,大概也有九十幾。要拿到不及格,幾乎是不太可能。
吉某當時也買了書,但是就把它凍在那裏,一放就是十五年。此番趁著返鄉年假,清理書櫃得時候,很快地把其中一本瀏覽一遍。其中有一個章節確實相當有趣。這個章節是討論許多邏輯上「謬誤」的現象。
謬誤,英文叫做 fallacy ,指的是日常討論中,用來論證觀念和信念的方法。這些論證的手法在乍聽之下是有說服力的,可是在邏輯上是有問題的。範例相當有趣,吉某舉些例子來說明。
一:人身攻擊
攻擊某人的論證為假,不針對論證本身,而針對發表論述的個人。通常手法是著眼於人品與道德上的瑕疵,進而推斷其主張不具公信力。這種手段邏輯上實屬無效,因為個人本身的問題,對論證真假並沒有關聯性。但在現實生活中,這種手段卻是非常有效。以下是個每天都可聽到的例子。
二:身境牽連
除了之前所敘述的人身攻擊外,另外一種比較常用的手法是利用身境牽連的方式,表示此人所述並不值得信賴,因為他身處某個特殊時空環境下,才會有這樣的想法。
三:you too
另外一種相當常見的反駁論證的方式,就是指責反對者也犯了同樣錯誤。在邏輯上,這只表示了對方言行不一,並不代表對方的論證是錯的。這在台灣相當常見。
四:訴諸輿情,權威,或者是暴力
邏輯上這也是無效的。這只不過代表群眾,或者是有權力者是如此思考,對論證本身真偽無法判定。
五:訴諸於無知 (Appeal to ignorance)
某論證為假,因為他沒被論證為真。反之亦然。問題是,當某論正為假,沒被正名為真,還是有可能為真。
六:循環論證
通常的結構是:S為真,因為S為真。更廣義的說法是:S為真,因為Y為真;Y為真,因為Z為真,Z為真,因為S為真。要注意的是,邏輯上這種結構是對的,但是無法建立這種結構的真理。
七:複合問題 (Complex question)
複合問題包含顯性跟隱性兩個問題,常用來指控他人。
顯性:錢匯到海外。隱性:你這錢來自貪污。所以在回答此問題時,要記得拆開來回答。
八:偶例 (Accident)
有意無意地把一個普遍的原則或者慣例,應用到不適合的情況與事例。這很常見。但是通常的慣例原則,都有隱含假設。只要細列這些假設,就很容易把這種偶例法戳破。
有意無意曲解別人主張,來抨擊原主張。主要的結構是:
January 27 Rolex 新廣告2009 年澳洲網球公開賽這幾周正如火如荼的進行中,球王 Nadal ,前球王 Federer,Tsonga and Roddick 如願挺進到八強。每天觀看現場直播的比賽,應當是新年假期最佳休閒。
只要談到網球,大家肯定不會忘記錶中重量級品牌「勞力士」。雖然超級情報員零零七不喜歡勞力士,偏好亞米加錶(吉魯本人也是亞米加陣營的)。然而,「勞力士」對大滿貫賽是贊助貢獻,卻是無庸置疑的。想必藉著黃金時段的廣告,可以將觀眾洗腦,在不景氣的年代,企盼賺進大把鈔票。
網球對速度,精準,力道與持久性的要求,也成為勞力是廣告的隱含訴求。只不過以前是搭配費德烈,今年則加入了美女球星。以下是今年勞力士在澳網開春時,所放映的廣告。各位可以從中看到澳網比賽會場,以及男女球員的揮拍的畫面,無論是顯性隱性的 message,都傳達得相當不錯。
丘處機歷史的奧妙,讓人悠然神往。還記得金庸筆下的丘處機,以及元宋相爭的種種故事嗎?
有趣的是這個。這跟一般人自豪「元朝大版圖」的說法大相逕庭。 蒙哥在1259年去世後,次年其弟阿里不哥在哈拉和林被選立為大蒙古國大汗,而忽必烈則在中原開平在精兵擁立下自立為大汗。幼弟阿里不哥與忽必烈為此發動戰爭爭奪汗位,直到1264年阿里不哥兵敗投降。忽必烈定為一尊,遷都大都,上都為陪都,並繼續推行漢法、任用漢族官員。但四大汗國之中的三國則因他違反歷來大汗選舉傳統以及他「行漢法」的主張而紛紛終止藩屬關係,脫離了他的統領範圍。僅伊兒汗國(首任伊兒汗即忽必烈之弟旭烈兀)在名義上承認忽必烈的大汗地位,但實際上伊兒汗國也處於半獨立的地位,而在忽必烈去世後則完全獨立了。至此,他實際管轄的政治版圖僅止中原地區、今新疆東半部、西藏和蒙古全境。 潘石屹《我用一生去尋找》節錄對於成功,我沒有什麼技巧可談,苦練技巧是沒用的,就像那些苦練武功的人,一招一式地比畫,可是後面突然來了一個人,一板磚就把他拍倒了。很多東西,做得愈具體、愈講究技巧就愈容易教條化,我倒是覺得無為而治更好一些。
無為而治,說的是無為,卻很有效果,這裏面就有一個營造氣場的問題。用「氣場」這個詞語,是想比喻這種無形力量。一個有修為的人,即使在靜止狀態,也能影響到他人,這種影響的效果,其實就是無為而治。 所有的事情都要以修煉自身做為基礎,我認為以下幾點是尤其需要修煉的。
第一,必須具備信任他人的品質。人要生活得坦然、舒心,必須相信很多東西,相信生活的基本驅動力是善的,相信幸福是需要分享的,尤其重要的是,你應該相信別人。
在今天的社會中,任何一個單個的人都無法做成事情,而需要大家的幫助、合作,需要大家團結在一起。你需要他人,並不表示你比別人差,或受控於他人。你需要他人,他人也需要你,事實上這種處境是公平的。
信任是有邏輯依據的,不是被迫的和空想的。你要信任對方,也要信任依據,信譽制度中的種種依據。合約也好,信用證明也好,都是人類真正有智慧的發明。這些偉大的發明,建立和完善了社會的信譽系統,目的就是令人們可以信任他人,信任他人是安全的。
即使是在信譽制度不甚健全的情況下,信任也是有力量的。《星際大戰》裏面有一句台詞:你相信民主,民主就會到來。套用這句話,可以說:只要你相信信譽,就會有信譽。
我們這個社會,有一些不好東西的殘留。比如看人看惡,以保護自己為主導思想,這都是貧窮險惡的過去害的。因為過去災難深重,人人都在生存的最底線上,拚命保護自己,我們的社會責任心消失了,道德感消失了,大家沒有原則了,亂了,這些歷史中的負面經驗迄今還在影響著我們。很多歲數大的人,仍然把過去的經驗傳授給現在的孩子和學生。
他們就會時時刻刻提醒自己,不要吃虧上當。而往往以這種觀點去看待他人和做事,又特別容易吃虧上當。這實際上是做事情中最可怕的一點。如果陷入這樣一個惡性循環,看不到信任的力量,只看到吃虧上當的事件,你就會失去信任和團結帶給你的力量。你防範別人,別人也會防範你,這樣就會把精力和聰明才智都用在相互猜疑上。
所以,在當今社會若想做成事情,就一定要相信別人,這將會給你帶來威力無比的力量。相信別人,包括相信欺騙過你的人,自己的胸懷是敞開的,自己的耳朵是傾聽的,這樣才能夠一步步地走向成功。
第二是簡單。做事力求簡單,繁雜會讓我們陷入不能自拔的境地。繁雜一方面來自於我們舊的習慣、舊的規則、舊的禮儀,也有一些來自於我們對知識、技能的賣弄。把簡單的事情複雜化是很容易的,多餘的裝飾、多餘的構建、多餘的想法、多餘的語言都會把一件簡單的事情複雜化。 但從歷史的角度來看,一個民族向上的時候,它總是以簡單和大氣為主要的風格;凡是這個民族衰敗之時,從建築、家居、服裝、裝飾到語言表現出來的都是繁雜和多餘。能把「簡單」做為自己的世界觀,成為自己做事的指導方針,是走向成功的一個要素。你會在簡單中獲得成功。
第三是透明。人要誠實,不要撒謊。當你需要隱藏一個秘密時,就需要一股比製造這個秘密更大的力量把它蓋住。但壞事遲早會暴露,紙永遠包不住火。成功的反面是失敗,也是不安全,而安全最大的保證是透明和遵紀守法。
我曾遇過一位房地產發展商,他每到一個城市去投資開發,只有當他認識了當地的領導,能和當地的領導吃頓飯後,心裏才會覺得踏實、安全。否則,心總是懸著,不敢輕易投資,投資後也不放心。
他把安全維繫在這種與領導的關係上,殊不知,最大的安全是在陽光下,而不是在黑暗中。如果放棄了在陽光下做事的機會,放棄了陽光和透明帶給你的力量,你就不可能有足夠的力量去做事情,並把事情做成功。即使你取得一些小的成功,也是暫時的,因為最大的成功是在安全前提下的成功。失去了安全,所有的所謂成就都談不上成功。
最後我要說的是,如果一個人覺得成功意味著做大官,這可能是一劑毒藥,因為當你坐不到某個位置時,你就可能覺得不成功;如果你認為成功是賺大錢,那也可能是一劑毒藥,因為你會發現,身邊總有比你更有錢的人。
可以這麼說,成功是一種狀態,是一種積極、向上、樂觀、友善、對別人有益的狀態;自己愉快,也能夠給別人帶來愉快、積極向上的狀態─如果這樣理解成功的話,那就是我心中的成功。 January 21 Obama inarguration address 全文My fellow citizens:
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control - and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart - not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.
As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort - even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus - and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment - a moment that will define a generation - it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.
For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends - hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism - these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility - a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship.
This is the source of our confidence - the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.
This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed - why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.
So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. January 20 八大特質《管理雜誌》研究彙整40多名台灣知名企業領導人,對於未來接班人的期望與看法,整理出具有誠信正直、責任感、自信、積極熱情、前瞻性、創新、企圖心、果決八大特質的清晰形象。 特質1:誠信正直 品德最重要 調查發現,很多領導人都將品德視為首要特質,品德包括正直、誠實、信用等。當內線交易、企業弊案頻傳時,領導人的品德關係著股價的榮枯,鴻海集團董事長郭台銘、台積電董事長張忠謀對此都深信不疑,所以他們用人也特別強調品德。將於2008年退休的台灣首富郭台銘曾公開表示接班人的三條件:「品德最重要,其次要有責任心,及要有工作意願。」 台灣領導人與西方最大的不同,是特別看重忠誠度。國泰集團董事長蔡鴻圖曾表示,能力強、忠誠度100%的人才是首選,能力強,忠誠度不高的人容易壞事,所以他寧可選擇能力中等,但忠誠度100%的人。 特質2:責任感 將公司擺第一 很多領導人相當重視責任感。責任感是個人對自我的要求,完成應該達成的任務。郭台銘說他不喜歡管理人,但是會用責任嚴格要求部屬將事情做好,而一位有責任感的人,是不需要別人管理;長榮集團總裁張榮發、廣達電腦董事長林百里都認為,有責任感的領導人才會將公司的長遠發展擺在第一優先;經營之神王永慶也表示,領導人才有責任感會將事情做完整、有始有終。 特質3:自信 廣納雅言,接受挑戰 自信也是老闆們重要的選項。自信的人通常了解自己、喜愛自己,也有自己的主張,對一家快速成長的企業來說,自信的領導人才愈多,成長的速度會更快,因為自信的人,敢用比他能幹的人,也有信心接受挑戰。 中信金控董事長辜濂松曾說,領導人不見得比別人聰明,但他會用比他聰明的人,這就是自信,但同時也要懂得廣納雅言,這樣大權不但不會旁落,而且會讓很多人願意為他做事;如果領導人自信不夠,都找些能力比他差一點的人做事,那這家公司一定愈來愈糟糕。 特質4:積極熱情 勇於嘗試與改變 做事做人積極熱情的人,通常能創造機會,也能勇於面對挑戰,這也是企業需要的領導人才特質。 麗緻旅館系統總裁嚴長壽認為,積極熱情的人可以給自己信心,也會讓人產生信心,他認為能「抱最大的希望、盡最大的努力、做最壞的打算」的人,當面臨災變或考驗時,不會畏懼改變,比較有「嘗試與改變」的心態,即使改變,也當成是一種學習。 特質5:具前瞻性 洞察力看到未來 具前瞻性是指有能力設定或選出一個值得嚮往的目標,做為團隊共同追求的理想、願景。通常愈高階的領導人才,愈需要具備前瞻性。 張忠謀便是靠洞察力(Insight)建立台積電,並創造出晶圓代工產業。他曾表示,在德州儀器(Texas Instruments)擔任全球半導體主管時,就已經發現市場有晶圓代工的需求,且台灣具備發展的優勢,未來可能成為趨勢。他說,洞察力是從蒐集資料(data),分析查證後成為資訊(information),再經過思考、記憶就變成知識(knowledge),經過沉澱思考,最後形成洞察力。 特質6:創新 挑戰舊習慣 身處變化多端與多元的挑戰,領導人也需要創新,打破原來的遊戲規則或商業模式,或一步一步挑戰舊習慣,才能改變現況,累積小贏成大贏。 改變及創新已經成為趨勢科技的DNA,也是其保持競爭優勢的重要因素,董事長張明正說,趨勢的未來領導人才要具備創新特質,才能落實文化、制度,帶領團隊走向對的方向。 廣達長期強調研發創新精神,林百里也希望打造創新的企業文化,他認為,「產品創新」要加上「管理創新」才能找到新機會,領導人才也要同時具備管理創新的能力。 特質7:企圖心 追求更大的成就 企圖心則是追求成就的自我驅動力量,空有企圖心不夠,還要有格局與視野,才能創造舞台,也要具備在舞台演出的能力。
特質8:果決 根據價值觀立下判斷 果決,來自於有清楚的價值觀,能分出孰輕孰重,當產生衝突或危急時,能夠立下判斷。 高清愿希望建立內部「公平」的工作環境,他對於主管的公平性也特別要求,並期望主管發現不公平之事,也果決處理,不能有所私心與偏袒。他曾經因為發現主管對屬下有不公平的情況而調換主管,斷然果決的風格形成上行下效,讓其他領導人才也引為效尤,營造出共同價值與企業文化。 January 18 報告!最近最常被問到的問題是:「吉大師到底到窩在東莞幹啥事情」?這問題說來很複雜,但是也簡單。反正事情都是一體兩面,千古智慧的易經跟哲人老子早就說得一清二楚。為了幫助各位了解,就用個「Before」與「After」的結構來說明吧。
這樣各位清楚了嗎? Why Most Things Fail吉某在飛機上看到了天下雜誌推薦的新書「Why Most Things Fail」(中譯本「敗部經濟學」)。美國商業週刊書評也直說這是本新年休假必讀的好書。既然誠品八五折,就順手買來讀讀。
本書作者是「Paul Ormerod」,是位在英國活躍的經濟學家,也是位作家。在他撰寫的書裡,除了這本新最以外,當以「Butterfly Economics」 聞名於世。
或許承襲著之前蝴蝶效應的思維,在新書裡,保羅透過分析,直言公司的失敗概率,遠高於一般人想像。公司的結構,政府的政策,並不會幫助公司延長壽命。如果我們檢視工業革命後,公司行號的滅絕數量,其實並不會比一般生物滅絕好太多。此外,大公司並不會比小公司活得久。小公司在前幾年的確面臨更多的生存風險,然而當商業模式穩定後,它生存的蓋率,卻是與大公司不相上下。如果翻開道瓊工業指數過去數十年的的組成結構,就可以了解這種現象。書中分析指出,無論是傳統經濟學理利潤最大化的公式,或者是運用賽局理論的電腦模擬運算,都不會幫助經營階層解決未來不確定性所帶了的誤判與衝擊。
但是作者指出,面對外界以及內部的挑戰,管理階層如果過度著重預測,規畫,最後的效果通常事與願違。畢竟市場上的信息,多到令人無法完全吸納,任何試圖優化的想法,終究是變化趕不上計劃。資訊的不確定,不平衡,常造成小型誤判,導致巨大損傷。相反的,管理人的職責,應當著重從個體錯誤中學習,提升轉化資訊成為組織知識,因為每增加一丁點的知識,就能在滅絕浪潮來臨之際,增加多一點的生存概率。除此之外,經理人更應該藉由小量,多頻率的創新,外加保持組織的彈性,試著改變市場的競爭規範。這聽來有點老生常談,不過實際執行上並不簡單。
研究發現,在公共政策方面,政府必須給予產業界外在的競爭刺激。在產業裡,適當的合作也屬不可或缺。一個過度競爭的產業,會導致整體產業無法獲利,削弱整體競爭力。但是過度保護,會讓整個族群的耐壓力低落。這或許可以給予當前四面楚歌的台灣DRAM產業,提供些許曙光。如何平衡兩種影響力,才是政府職責所在吧。 January 16 Asus商業周刊
人到了賭城,可以選擇賭、不賭。可以選擇小賭,還是大賭?
華碩董事長施崇棠在賭城拉斯維加斯做了重大選擇。賭!大賭!
「我們今天還開會到快凌晨四點……。」一月九日深夜,施崇棠在拉斯維加斯與本刊面對面訪談時,對二○○八年第四季出現創立十九年來首次虧損、法人推估金額至少達三十億元,仍然毫不退縮,信心滿滿,「一開始我先問大家要攻還是要守啦,那你不能自己就(決定)……(笑),那是很大的掙扎。」內部自然有不一樣的意見,但最後的拍板「我們要攻!」
這趟賭城之行,原本是為了參加全球最大的消費性電子展(CES),施崇棠親自出馬,介紹華碩最新產品。他人在美國,台北時間一月八日晚上六點多,一則公告悄悄登上台灣股市觀測站,華碩宣布將出現成立十九年來的首度單季虧損,法人估虧損達三十億元,這與原本預估第四季將賺四十至五十億元,中間的落差至少七十億元,震驚市場。隔日,股價開盤也應聲跌停。
誰都沒料到,造成華碩鉅大虧損的,居然是二○○七年推出的殺手級武器──易PC(Eee PC)。
稍早之前,Eee PC被美國《商業週刊》(Business Week)票選為二○○九年最熱門科技產品之一。二○○七年十一月,《富比世》雜誌以Jonney(施崇棠的英文名字) Machine介紹施崇棠與Eee PC,指華碩開始強攻美國電腦市場。再隔一個月,Eee PC被亞馬遜(Amazon)網友票選為該年度最想要的耶誕禮物。
華碩創立十九年來,沒有像這一年來獲得這麼多掌聲,英國《金融時報》(Financial Times)甚至推崇,華碩的Eee PC和蘋果電腦並列,為產業創造巨大的影響力。當了十九年的模範生,為什麼掌聲才剛響起,最後反而被掌聲打敗?
一、高估自己:華碩在這一年中的全勝,誤以為掌握全局,太迷信技術,造成天平傾斜,創新無法發揮最大效能。二、低估對手:華碩創新在前,卻無力拉開與對手的差距,造成宏碁才花了半年就趕上華碩Eee PC一年的出貨量。三、錯估情勢:在金融海嘯發生的前後,同業已經在準備過冬,華碩還活在春天的溫柔鄉,Eee PC預估出貨量比實際銷售多了四成,造成庫存暴增。
這三項關鍵判斷一一失守,造成原本是華碩掌上明珠的Eee PC,一夕之間變成燙手山芋。
去年初,華碩以Eee PC一炮而紅,由於產品銷售超過預期,結果造成缺料(電池、機構件)問題,訂單與產能的缺口高達四成。九月,雷曼兄弟倒閉時,當所有人都縮手,華碩卻還繼續大量備貨,而且,備貨數量不是先滿足現有訂單,而是備足現有訂單的一倍。「備料到訂單數叫合理,備料較訂單多兩成叫樂觀,備料到現有訂單的一倍,等於你有一倍的暴露風險,這叫莫名其妙的樂觀。」一位華碩工程師不諱言的說。
去年第三季末,華碩庫存情形嚴重到要在上海一帶租個倉庫專門放貨。直到十一月中旬,華碩買料的動作才停止。供應商好奇跑來問,為何全台灣只有你們一家還在買料?「火燒到屁股了,竟然得靠外人提醒才知道,你說是不是個笑話。」一位華碩內部員工自嘲道。也在此時,華碩各地業務才回報,終端銷售不如預期。
二○○八年下半年華碩喊出每個月要出貨Eee PC一百萬台,結果,沒有一個月做到六十萬台。一位宏碁高層即指出,當備料較實際銷售量多出四○%,若又碰上零組件價格下跌,將是一場天大災難。豐台股研究部主管王萬里認為,華碩對Eee PC太過樂觀了,沒料到景氣反轉太快,備太多料的下場就是走不掉。「要會創新,也要會做風險。」華碩總經理沈振來坦承,華碩主管幾乎都是把心力放在產品創新上,「對總體經濟預測很粗糙,幾乎是沒有。」
「毛利高,會讓一個公司(只)想著怎麼賺錢,不會想怎麼防止虧錢。」沈振來坦承,華碩一直很積極,只想著不斷往前衝,連他自己,即便身為執行長,都有八○%的時間是看產品,其他時間才看業務和別的。「過去一個半月,我一直在變。」這個在華碩的常勝將軍,開始認真想到「輸」,想到「產品」以外的其他字眼。原來「(衝)太快也不是好事。」沈振來開始拿著管理報表,跟每個部門檢視數字細節,「如果把售價提升多少,對獲利的貢獻是怎樣,」不再只談技術,而是開始看數字說話。
施崇棠曾對華碩傲人的技術創新提出警語:「我必須承認,這種技術導向的文化,是比別人有利一點;但是我們現在也在注意這個陷阱,會不會太壓抑別人(工程師之外的部門)。」這次的Eee PC戰役就是一例,天平的一端是技術、是產品,天平的另一端是市場、是銷售,華碩正在學習讓兩端維持平衡。
「整個戰爭,其實才剛剛開始而已,」施崇棠在決定一戰之後,整個鬥志又提升了起來。施崇棠有的優勢,比鈔票,電子六哥中帳上現金他只輸給郭台銘帶領的鴻海;比創新,華碩在今年首季及第二季將推出具「秘密武器」的代表性產品,在CES會場上,施崇棠談到新品,眼睛又發亮了。
January 04 Open 小將五億業績Open 小將剛出道時,似貓非貓,似狗非狗的造型在眾多的公仔中,並不特別顯眼。不過吉某當時便猜測,這隻看來活脫像個台東來的原住民,日後會成為統一7-Eleven 最佳副品牌的代言人。果不其然,小將已經超脫的食物,周邊化商品也從貼紙,磁鐵以及玩偶,進展到了踏墊,文具,餐具等。它更有自己專屬的網站,成為統一職棒的吉祥物(youtube, another youtube,人氣不輸身材火辣的統一啦啦隊)。如果現在把周邊林林總總的玩偶加起來,也快要可以搞個主題樂園。
吉某兩零零八年的大預言是:這隻狗,搞不好會拍電影,搞影友會,甚至有個主題餐廳。
商業周刊/統一外星狗公仔 一年扛五億業績
也許你還記得,今年八月間,中華職棒在北京奧運失利,全台二千三百萬人坐在電視機前,心情跌到谷底。但隔幾天,電視出現一則外星狗的廣告,它叫「Open小將」,睜著無辜的大眼睛,搖晃著圓滾滾的身體,幫大家加油打氣,安撫了成千上萬台灣觀眾的情緒。
這尊不到二十公分高,喜歡吹著口哨、跳著走路的玩偶,是統一集團旗下超商7-Eleven三年前創造的企業代言公仔。今年,Open小將開始積極露臉,7-Eleven一口氣在全台兩百間店設專櫃,販賣Open小將授權商品。
這隻頭上戴著三色彩紅帽的外星狗到底有多夯?
爆米花紙盒印上它,當月銷售業績就能比上月翻一番;一個三百九十九元的限量抱枕,網拍價飆逾三千元。攤開它的周邊產品成績單,自○五年七月推出,隔年「身價」(創造業績)新台幣兩億元;○七年業績來到五億元,比前一年成長一.五倍。7-Eleven預計到年底,還會衝上十億元。
如今,Open小將成為國內超商業者首次發展為授權商品的公仔,也是唯一成功創造逾五億「身價」的企業代言公仔。他成功的背後推手─統一超商整合行銷部部長劉鴻徵,選擇了走與一般角色代言截然不同的三條行銷路線。
策略一:不搭長銷品 慢慢培養顧客品牌印象
第一條路線,捨棄長銷品,先從現金支付工具i-cash卡登場。
「Open小將是新生兒,不一定適合店內累積一定品牌資產的長銷品。」劉鴻徵舉例,公司將關東煮操作為「溫暖」、御飯糰代表「堅持」、大亨堡與「運動」做連結。若用代表歡樂與友善的Open小將做代言,或許會與這些品牌性格產生矛盾。
i-cash兼具實用性與企業形象,實用性能輕易打開消費者的接受度,i-cash又是7-Eleven的獨家支付工具,開發風險最低,能慢慢培養消費者對Open小將的品牌印象。
策略二:捨快速行銷 一年做一件令人驚喜的事
第二條路,捨棄快速行銷,一年做一件讓台灣人感到驚喜的事件。
劉鴻徵刻意放慢步調,「當成在塑造一個明星;快速而大量的曝光,會消耗觀眾對它的新鮮感。」他說,明星之所以為明星,不是因為廣告或活動,而是因為他「做」了某些事情,累積粉絲對他的信賴感,接著才有代言活動。
因此,劉鴻徵決定每年做一件讓台灣消費者覺得「啊!Open小將怎麼會做這樣的事!」的活動。
於是,在Open小將一歲時,劉鴻徵首先在士林基河路為Open小將開了一間自己的便利商店,門市名稱就叫「Open門市」;小將兩歲,就讓它率領集團眾家代言人,在集團舉辦的跨年大氣球遊行中,與小朋友瘋狂打成一片;小將三歲時,它與國內知名流行樂團五月天合出唱片,之後還到北京奧運全程聲援中華職棒。
這是台灣虛擬人物首次挑戰主流唱片市場,限量一萬張,兩星期銷售一空。
策略三:化支出為利潤 找對的時機放大品牌效應
第三條路,捨棄過去行銷等於支出的概念,逆轉Open小將為利潤中心。
廣告行銷,一向被列為支出,「就是花錢,用這筆錢帶來產品利潤,」王文華解釋,「但是7-Eleven是把Open小將當作profit center(利潤中心)在經營,」Open小將本身就有帶進利潤的能力。
這需要投入很多資源,包括企業的品牌資產,操作不當,風險將比一般行銷個案更大。因此,一般角色行銷的安全做法,是先做廣告宣傳,強打主力商品,才漸漸開發周邊商品,好比維力的張君雅小妹妹。但劉鴻徵反其道而行,先開發產品,時機一到再大力宣傳,一出手,就要極大化品牌的槓桿效應。
7-Eleven每年花五千萬元在Open小將身上,包括開發辦公室抱枕、手機吊飾、筆記本等等新產品。「其中不乏失敗的例子,」劉鴻徵坦承,但他要在這些成功與失敗的例子間,找出消費者能廣泛接受的產品,他花三年時間在商品上布局,才在今年一口氣推出授權商品專賣櫃。
「想想看,一個公仔可以創造數億元價值,幾乎可以獨立開一家公司了。」王文華認為,本土出身,是Open小將的優勢,不用受到國外卡通肖像權的掣肘;但這也是最大的挑戰。
倘若Open小將能掌握台灣社會的脈動、貼近群眾心理,就能發揮本土廠商的優勢,「否則可能只是台灣版的凱蒂貓。」王文華說,因為凱蒂貓是無法為7-Eleven做到這些的。
攝影構圖新手入門大家都拍過照片。尤其當數碼相機開始普及,照片就像洪水般氾濫。可是論及構圖畫質與創意,好的作品卻沒有幾件。這是個相當不錯的網站,可以去看看,增加您攝像的功力。
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